Data edition of
Residue An evidence-graded reference for peptide science

Peptide research, graded and cited.

Residue is a reference on peptide science for readers who want the primary source. Each compound is graded on its strongest verifiable human evidence, and every sentence links to PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubChem or FDA. No prices. No vendors.

Data edition of October 19, 2026: 25 monographs drawing on 16,627 indexed PubMed records and 1,436 registered studies.

Four clear, unlabeled glass vials and a glass pipette on ruled bone paper beside a closed oxblood journal
Plate I. Unlabeled glass on ruled paper: the evidence lives in the record, not the vial.

Evidence scale

A Approved / regulatory-grade 7 compounds B Randomized human trials 5 compounds C Limited / early human data 9 compounds D Preclinical only 4 compounds

Semaglutide vs tirzepatide

In both head-to-head randomized trials, tirzepatide came out ahead on the primary endpoint. In SURMOUNT-5 (NEJM 2025; 751 adults with obesity), tirzepatide produced 20.2% versus 13.7% weight loss with semaglutide at 72 weeks1PubMedTirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. Aronne LJ et al. N Engl J Med. 2025.. In SURPASS-2 (type 2 diabetes), every tirzepatide dose lowered HbA1c more than semaglutide 1 mg2PubMedTirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Frías JP et al. N Engl J Med. 2021.. Semaglutide has a cardiovascular-outcomes trial in people without diabetes3PubMedSemaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. Lincoff AM et al. N Engl J Med. 2023..

Read the full comparison →

The evidence index

Filter by grade or class; sort by the size of the record. A large literature is not the same as strong evidence.

Table 1. Every compound on Residue, by best evidence grade. Bars show PubMed records on a log scale; counts are from the data edition.
Evidence grade
25 compounds
GradeCompoundClassLiteratureRegistered studies
A SemaglutideFDA-approved — Ozempic (2017), Rybelsus (2019), Wegovy (2021) GLP-1 class 5,706 785 · 366 active
A TirzepatideFDA-approved — Mounjaro (2022), Zepbound (2023) GLP-1 class 2,640 300 · 199 active
A ElamipretideFDA accelerated approval — Forzinity (2025) Mitochondrial 470 29 · 3 active
A SermorelinApproved product discontinued (Geref) GHRH & GHRP 366 27 · 1 active
A AfamelanotideFDA-approved (Scenesse implant) · Prescription Melanotan & PT-141 121 23 · 1 active
A BremelanotideFDA-approved (Vyleesi) · Prescription Melanotan & PT-141 113 10 · 1 active
A TesamorelinFDA-approved — Egrifta (2010) GHRH & GHRP 105 24 · 3 active
B LL-37Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Immune 2,412 20 · 2 active
B Thymosin alpha-1Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Immune 622 65 · 19 active
B Kisspeptin-10Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding Category 2 (503A) Neuro & bioregulators 317 36 · 5 active
B RetatrutideInvestigational — not FDA-approved GLP-1 class 207 34 · 11 active
B CagrilintideInvestigational — not FDA-approved GLP-1 class 121 44 · 18 active
C Melanotan IINot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Melanotan & PT-141 625 1 · 1 active
C DSIPNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Neuro & bioregulators 463 0
C BPC-157Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Repair 225 4 · 2 active
C SemaxNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Neuro & bioregulators 209 0
C GHK-CuNot FDA-approved · injectable-route nomination withdrawn Repair 134 3 · 2 active
C EpitalonNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Neuro & bioregulators 121 0
C SelankNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Neuro & bioregulators 68 2
C IpamorelinNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding Category 2 (503B) GHRH & GHRP 51 3 · 1 active
C CJC-1295Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn GHRH & GHRP 35 1
D TB-500Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Repair 1,157 20 · 3 active
D MOTS-cNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Mitochondrial 264 5 · 4 active
D KPVNot FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn Repair 53 0
D AOD-9604Not FDA-approved · FDA compounding nomination withdrawn GHRH & GHRP 22 0

By class

How Residue works

  1. Fetched. PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubChem and openFDA are queried at build time and cached, so every number can be reproduced.
  2. Cited. Each claim carries a marker that must resolve to a cached record, or the build fails.
  3. Checked. Statements are compared with the abstract, label or registry text they cite; unsupported ones are removed.
  4. Graded. A four-step scale with a published methodology, applied per compound and per effect.

References for the lead comparison

Every source below was retrieved from its official API or page and cached on the data-edition date. Numbers match the margin notes.

  1. 1 PubMed Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med 2025. PMID 40353578; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2416394.
  2. 2 PubMed Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021. PMID 34170647; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519.
  3. 3 PubMed Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2023. PMID 37952131; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563.