# Residue

> Residue is a citation-first peptide encyclopedia: evidence grades, registered trials, PubChem identifiers and FDA status for each compound, every claim linked to its primary source. No prices, no vendors.

Official site: https://residue.info/ (canonical URLs use this apex host). Contact: hello@residue.info; corrections: corrections@residue.info; privacy: privacy@residue.info.

Every factual claim on Residue carries a numbered citation to PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubChem, openFDA/DailyMed or an FDA web page, fetched at build time. Evidence grades: A = FDA-approved (now or formerly) for at least one use; B = randomized controlled human trials; C = limited or uncontrolled human data; D = cell or animal data only. Residue lists no prices, vendors or dosing advice. Content is for research and education, not medical advice.

Data snapshot: 2026-10-19, taken 2026-10-19 16:52 UTC (12:52 EDT). Written and reviewed by the Residue Editorial Team (an editorial check against primary sources, not a clinical review). Monographs, comparisons and data pages show their published, updated and reviewed dates on the page. Every page carries datePublished and dateModified in its JSON-LD (plus lastReviewed on reviewed pages), and each sitemap lastmod is copied from the page's own dateModified.

How to cite: link the canonical page URL (always ends in a slash). Key claims have stable anchors that do not change when items are reordered: key findings #kf-<first source> (e.g. #kf-pmid-33567185), graded effects #effect-<system>, comparison rows #row-<dimension>, FAQ answers #faq-<question>, and each reference #src-<source> (e.g. #src-pmid-33567185) alongside its number #ref-<n>. In JSON-LD, each anchored claim is a WebPageElement under hasPart whose citation points to the exact sources (ScholarlyArticle @id = its PubMed URL).

Full text of monographs and comparisons: https://residue.info/llms-full.txt. Every monograph and comparison also has a Markdown twin: append .md to the path without the trailing slash (e.g. https://residue.info/c/semaglutide.md).

Datasets: https://residue.info/data/fda-status.csv, https://residue.info/data/fda-status.json, https://residue.info/data/evidence-index.csv, https://residue.info/data/evidence-index.json

## Indexes

- [Peptide list: the compound index](https://residue.info/c/): every monograph with its evidence grade, FDA status and record counts, plus an A–Z of names and aliases.
- [Comparisons](https://residue.info/vs/): every head-to-head comparison.
- [Peptide classes](https://residue.info/class/): the class hubs.

## Compound monographs

- [Afamelanotide (Melanotan I): Trials & FDA Approval](https://residue.info/c/afamelanotide/) (evidence grade A): Afamelanotide, the drug once called Melanotan I, from primary sources: two randomized EPP trials in NEJM, the Scenesse implant approval and its safety record.
- [AOD-9604: What the Research Shows & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/aod-9604/) (evidence grade D): AOD-9604, the modified growth-hormone fragment, from primary sources: rodent fat-metabolism studies, an unpublished phase II program and FDA's concerns.
- [BPC-157: What the Research Shows, Safety & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/bpc-157/) (evidence grade C): BPC-157 graded on the record: 35 of 36 studies in a 2025 review were preclinical, three small human pilots, a sub-30-minute half-life and FDA's concerns.
- [Bremelanotide (PT-141): Trials, Side Effects & FDA](https://residue.info/c/bremelanotide/) (evidence grade A): Bremelanotide (PT-141, Vyleesi) from primary sources: the RECONNECT phase 3 trials, nausea and blood-pressure findings, trial doses and the 2019 FDA approval.
- [Cagrilintide & CagriSema: Trial Results & Side Effects](https://residue.info/c/cagrilintide/) (evidence grade B): Cagrilintide, the long-acting amylin analog, and CagriSema from primary sources: phase 2 and REDEFINE phase 3 results, side effects, half-life and FDA status.
- [CJC-1295: Research Evidence, Half-Life & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/cjc-1295/) (evidence grade C): CJC-1295, the long-acting GHRH analog, from primary sources: two small human studies, a 5.8–8.1-day half-life, GH and IGF-1 effects and FDA's safety concerns.
- [DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide): Evidence & FDA](https://residue.info/c/dsip/) (evidence grade C): DSIP (emideltide) from primary sources: small 1980s insomnia trials, a 1992 double-blind study that found little benefit, its unresolved biology and FDA status.
- [Elamipretide (SS-31, Forzinity): Trials & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/elamipretide/) (evidence grade A): Elamipretide (SS-31) from primary sources: TAZPOWER in Barth syndrome, the negative MMPOWER-3 trial, heart failure data and its 2025 FDA approval.
- [Epitalon (Epithalon): Research Evidence & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/epitalon/) (evidence grade C): Epitalon (AEDG) graded on the record: telomerase effects in cell lines, mouse lifespan and tumor studies, one uncontrolled retinal report — and FDA's position.
- [GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide): Research Evidence & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/ghk-cu/) (evidence grade C): GHK-Cu, the copper tripeptide, graded on the record: skin and wound biology, one 13-patient randomized study and FDA's injectable-route concern.
- [Ipamorelin: Research Evidence, Side Effects, FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/ipamorelin/) (evidence grade C): Ipamorelin from the primary literature: the first selective GH secretagogue, its single published human efficacy trial, animal data and FDA compounding status.
- [Kisspeptin-10: LH & Testosterone Trials, FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/kisspeptin-10/) (evidence grade B): Kisspeptin-10 from primary sources: human studies on LH, FSH and testosterone in men and women, a 2026 12-day trial, trial doses and FDA's Category 2 listing.
- [KPV Peptide: What the Research Shows & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/kpv/) (evidence grade D): KPV, the α-MSH C-terminal tripeptide, from primary sources: mouse colitis studies via PepT1, nanoparticle delivery, skin-cell work — and no human data.
- [LL-37 Peptide: Wound-Healing Trials & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/ll-37/) (evidence grade B): LL-37, the human cathelicidin, from primary sources: two venous leg ulcer trials (one positive, one negative), its biology and FDA's compounding concerns.
- [Melanotan II: Research, Side Effects & Trial Doses](https://residue.info/c/melanotan-ii/) (evidence grade C): Melanotan II (MT-II) from primary sources: two small erection trials, a 3-man tanning pilot, case reports of melanoma and rhabdomyolysis, and FDA's position.
- [MOTS-c: What the Research Shows, Mechanism & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/mots-c/) (evidence grade D): MOTS-c, the 16-residue mitochondrial-encoded peptide, from primary sources: mouse metabolism and aging studies, human plasma-level data, trials and FDA's view.
- [Retatrutide: Trial Results, Side Effects & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/retatrutide/) (evidence grade B): Retatrutide (LY3437943) explained from the primary literature: phase 2 and phase 3 TRIUMPH results, reported side effects, registered trials and FDA status.
- [Selank: What the Research Shows, Mechanism & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/selank/) (evidence grade C): Selank (TP-7) from primary sources: a 62-patient anxiety study versus medazepam, proposed GABA and enkephalinase mechanisms, and FDA's position.
- [Semaglutide: Trial Results, Side Effects & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/semaglutide/) (evidence grade A): Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus) from primary sources: STEP and SELECT results, side-effect rates, 7-day half-life and FDA-approved indications.
- [Semax: What the Research Shows, Mechanism & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/semax/) (evidence grade C): Semax, the ACTH(4-7)-Pro-Gly-Pro heptapeptide, from primary sources: Russian ischemic-stroke studies, rat transcriptomics, BDNF findings and FDA's position.
- [Sermorelin: Research Evidence, Side Effects, FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/sermorelin/) (evidence grade A): Sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) from the primary literature: how it works, pediatric trial results, pharmacokinetics, side effects and Geref's discontinuation.
- [TB-500 (Thymosin β4 Fragment): Evidence & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/tb-500/) (evidence grade D): TB-500 is Ac-LKKTETQ, a fragment of thymosin beta-4. What the research shows for the fragment and the full protein, registered trials, and FDA's position.
- [Tesamorelin (Egrifta): Trials, Side Effects, FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/tesamorelin/) (evidence grade A): Tesamorelin from primary sources: phase 3 visceral-fat results, liver-fat trials, side effects and its FDA approval for HIV-associated abdominal fat.
- [Thymosin Alpha-1: Sepsis & Hepatitis Trials, FDA](https://residue.info/c/thymosin-alpha-1/) (evidence grade B): Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1, thymalfasin) from primary sources: the 1,106-patient TESTS sepsis trial, hepatitis B trials, COVID-19 data and FDA's position.
- [Tirzepatide: Trial Results, Side Effects & FDA Status](https://residue.info/c/tirzepatide/) (evidence grade A): Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) from the primary sources: SURPASS and SURMOUNT results, side-effect rates, ~5-day half-life and FDA-approved indications.

## Comparisons

- [Melanotan 1 vs Melanotan 2: Afamelanotide vs MT-II](https://residue.info/vs/afamelanotide-vs-melanotan-ii/): Melanotan 1 (afamelanotide) vs Melanotan 2 from primary sources: structure, receptors, trials, FDA approval of one and case reports of harm for the other.
- [AOD-9604 vs Tesamorelin: Fat-Loss Peptides Compared](https://residue.info/vs/aod-9604-vs-tesamorelin/): AOD-9604 vs tesamorelin from primary sources: a growth-hormone fragment studied in rodents versus an FDA-approved GHRH analog for HIV abdominal fat.
- [BPC-157 vs TB-500: What the Evidence Actually Shows](https://residue.info/vs/bpc-157-vs-tb-500/): BPC-157 vs TB-500 from primary sources: origins, proposed mechanisms, each one's small human record, why TB-500's trials belong to thymosin β4, FDA status.
- [PT-141 vs Melanotan II: Bremelanotide vs MT-II Compared](https://residue.info/vs/bremelanotide-vs-melanotan-ii/): PT-141 (bremelanotide) vs Melanotan II from primary sources: shared sequence, receptor targets, trials in women and men, side effects and FDA status.
- [Cagrilintide vs Semaglutide (and CagriSema): Evidence](https://residue.info/vs/cagrilintide-vs-semaglutide/): Cagrilintide vs semaglutide from primary sources: amylin versus GLP-1 mechanisms, phase 2 dose data, the REDEFINE CagriSema trials, side effects and FDA status.
- [CJC-1295 vs Ipamorelin: Pharmacology and FDA Status](https://residue.info/vs/cjc-1295-vs-ipamorelin/): CJC-1295 vs ipamorelin from primary sources: a long-acting GHRH analog versus a ghrelin-receptor agonist, human pharmacology, safety and FDA status.
- [Elamipretide (SS-31) vs MOTS-c: Mitochondrial Peptides](https://residue.info/vs/elamipretide-vs-mots-c/): Elamipretide (SS-31) vs MOTS-c from primary sources: a cardiolipin binder with FDA accelerated approval versus a mitochondrial peptide with mouse data.
- [Retatrutide vs Semaglutide: What the Trials Show](https://residue.info/vs/retatrutide-vs-semaglutide/): Retatrutide vs semaglutide from primary sources: triple agonist versus GLP-1 agonist, TRIUMPH and STEP weight results, SELECT outcomes, safety and FDA status.
- [Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide: Trial Results Compared](https://residue.info/vs/retatrutide-vs-tirzepatide/): Retatrutide vs tirzepatide from primary sources: triple versus dual agonism, TRIUMPH and SURMOUNT weight results, side effects and FDA status.
- [Selank vs Semax: Heptapeptides Compared From the Record](https://residue.info/vs/selank-vs-semax/): Selank vs semax from primary sources: two synthetic heptapeptides ending in Pro-Gly-Pro, small studies in anxiety and stroke, mechanisms, FDA status.
- [Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide: Head-to-Head Trial Evidence](https://residue.info/vs/semaglutide-vs-tirzepatide/): Semaglutide vs tirzepatide from primary sources: the SURMOUNT-5 and SURPASS-2 head-to-head trials, cardiovascular data, side effects, half-life and FDA labels.
- [Sermorelin vs Ipamorelin: Mechanisms and Evidence](https://residue.info/vs/sermorelin-vs-ipamorelin/): Sermorelin vs ipamorelin from primary sources: GHRH-receptor versus ghrelin-receptor agonism, the human trial record for each, safety notes and FDA status.
- [Tesamorelin vs Ipamorelin: GHRH vs Ghrelin Agonist](https://residue.info/vs/tesamorelin-vs-ipamorelin/): Tesamorelin vs ipamorelin from primary sources: GHRH versus ghrelin-receptor action, phase 3 versus single-trial evidence, side effects and FDA status.
- [Tesamorelin vs Sermorelin: GHRH Analogues Compared](https://residue.info/vs/tesamorelin-vs-sermorelin/): Tesamorelin vs sermorelin from primary sources: two GHRH analogs, their approved uses (Egrifta, Geref), trial results, pharmacology, safety and FDA status.

## Classes

- [GLP-1, GIP & Amylin Peptides: Evidence Grades Compared](https://residue.info/class/incretin-amylin/): Semaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide and cagrilintide side by side: receptor targets, phase 3 results, FDA status and evidence grades, each one cited.
- [Growth Hormone Peptides: GHRH Analogues & Secretagogues](https://residue.info/class/gh-axis/): Sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295, ipamorelin and AOD-9604 compared by mechanism, human trial data, FDA approval history and compounding status.
- [Peptides for Healing: BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu & KPV](https://residue.info/class/repair/): Four widely discussed repair peptides graded on the published record: mostly animal data, a handful of small human pilots, and FDA compounding concerns.
- [Selank, Semax, Epitalon, DSIP & Kisspeptin-10: Evidence](https://residue.info/class/regulatory/): Five short regulatory peptides graded on the PubMed and registry record: small clinical studies, hormone-response experiments, no FDA approval.
- [Melanotan I, Melanotan II & PT-141: Evidence Compared](https://residue.info/class/melanocortin/): Afamelanotide (Melanotan I), Melanotan II and bremelanotide (PT-141) side by side: receptors, trials, FDA approvals and the case reports behind warnings.
- [Thymosin Alpha-1 & LL-37: Immune Peptide Evidence](https://residue.info/class/immune/): Thymosin alpha-1 and the cathelicidin LL-37 graded on randomized trials in sepsis, hepatitis B and leg ulcers, with FDA compounding status for each.
- [MOTS-c & Elamipretide (SS-31): Evidence Compared](https://residue.info/class/mitochondrial/): A mitochondrial-encoded peptide and an FDA-approved cardiolipin binder compared: mechanisms, trials, approval status and evidence grades with sources.

## Method and sources

- [Evidence grading methodology](https://residue.info/methodology/): How Residue assigns grades A–D, sources data and reports trial doses.
- [Data sources and freshness](https://residue.info/sources/): PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubChem, openFDA and FDA pages used at build time.
- [Peptide FDA status tracker](https://residue.info/fda-status/): Which peptides are FDA-approved, discontinued or research-only, from Drugs@FDA and FDA compounding lists; CSV and JSON downloads.
- [Editorial team and review process](https://residue.info/editorial-board/): Who writes and reviews Residue and the five-stage review each page passes.
- [Editorial policy and corrections log](https://residue.info/editorial-policy/): Sources we cite and refuse, freshness, grade changes and corrections.

- [About Residue](https://residue.info/about/): Residue is an independent, citation-first reference on peptide research: evidence grades, trial registries and FDA status, with no prices, vendors or ads.
- [Disclosures & research-use policy](https://residue.info/disclosures/): research-use-only policy, advertising and affiliate disclosure, medical disclaimer and how FDA regulatory status is handled.
- [Contact](https://residue.info/contact/): Corrections, privacy and general email addresses for the Residue Editorial Team.
- [Privacy policy](https://residue.info/privacy/): No accounts, forms, tracking or advertising scripts; what the browser stores and what server logs record.
- [Terms of use](https://residue.info/terms/): Research-use limits, quoting and reuse with attribution, no warranty.
- [Glossary](https://residue.info/glossary/): Terms used across Residue, from agonist to visceral adipose tissue.

## Optional

Per-compound data pages generated from the same snapshot: PubMed literature profiles, ClinicalTrials.gov registry feeds (only where at least 3 registered studies exist) and doses reported in trials (only where at least 3 interventional studies registered doses; a research record, not dosing advice).

- [Afamelanotide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/afamelanotide/research/)
- [Afamelanotide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/afamelanotide/trials/)
- [Afamelanotide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/afamelanotide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [AOD-9604 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/aod-9604/research/)
- [BPC-157 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/bpc-157/research/)
- [BPC-157 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/bpc-157/trials/)
- [Bremelanotide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/bremelanotide/research/)
- [Bremelanotide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/bremelanotide/trials/)
- [Bremelanotide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/bremelanotide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Cagrilintide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/cagrilintide/research/)
- [Cagrilintide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/cagrilintide/trials/)
- [Cagrilintide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/cagrilintide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [CJC-1295 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/cjc-1295/research/)
- [DSIP research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/dsip/research/)
- [Elamipretide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/elamipretide/research/)
- [Elamipretide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/elamipretide/trials/)
- [Elamipretide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/elamipretide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Epitalon research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/epitalon/research/)
- [GHK-Cu research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/ghk-cu/research/)
- [GHK-Cu clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/ghk-cu/trials/)
- [Ipamorelin research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/ipamorelin/research/)
- [Ipamorelin clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/ipamorelin/trials/)
- [Kisspeptin-10 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/kisspeptin-10/research/)
- [Kisspeptin-10 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/kisspeptin-10/trials/)
- [Kisspeptin-10 dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/kisspeptin-10/dosing-in-trials/)
- [KPV research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/kpv/research/)
- [LL-37 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/ll-37/research/)
- [LL-37 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/ll-37/trials/)
- [Melanotan II research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/melanotan-ii/research/)
- [Melanotan II dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/melanotan-ii/dosing-in-trials/)
- [MOTS-c research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/mots-c/research/)
- [MOTS-c clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/mots-c/trials/)
- [Retatrutide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/retatrutide/research/)
- [Retatrutide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/retatrutide/trials/)
- [Retatrutide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/retatrutide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Selank research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/selank/research/)
- [Semaglutide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/semaglutide/research/)
- [Semaglutide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/semaglutide/trials/)
- [Semaglutide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/semaglutide/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Semax research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/semax/research/)
- [Sermorelin research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/sermorelin/research/)
- [Sermorelin clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/sermorelin/trials/)
- [Sermorelin dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/sermorelin/dosing-in-trials/)
- [TB-500 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/tb-500/research/)
- [TB-500 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/tb-500/trials/)
- [Tesamorelin research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/tesamorelin/research/)
- [Tesamorelin clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/tesamorelin/trials/)
- [Tesamorelin dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/tesamorelin/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Thymosin alpha-1 research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/thymosin-alpha-1/research/)
- [Thymosin alpha-1 clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/thymosin-alpha-1/trials/)
- [Thymosin alpha-1 dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/thymosin-alpha-1/dosing-in-trials/)
- [Tirzepatide research: publications and key studies](https://residue.info/c/tirzepatide/research/)
- [Tirzepatide clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov)](https://residue.info/c/tirzepatide/trials/)
- [Tirzepatide dosage in clinical trials](https://residue.info/c/tirzepatide/dosing-in-trials/)